Background

Electronic toll collection aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels by collecting tolls without cash and without requiring cars to stop. Electronic toll booths may operate alongside cash lanes so that drivers who do not have transponders can pay a cashier or throw coins into a receptacle. With cashless tolling, cars without transponders are either excluded or pay by plate – a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay with a credit card by phone. Open road tolling is a popular form of cashless tolling without toll booths; cars pass electronic readers even at highway speeds without the safety hazard and traffic bottlenecks created by having to slow down to go through an automated toll booth lane.

System Introduction

Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) provide communications between a vehicle and the roadside in specific locations, for example toll plazas. They may then be used to support specific Intelligent Transport System applications such as Electronic Fee Collection.

Configuration of the ETC system

DSRC are for data-only systems and operate on radio frequencies in the 5,725 MHz to 5,875 MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. DSRC systems consist of Road Side Units (RSUs) and the On Board Units (OBUs) with transceivers and transponders. The DSRC standards specify the operational frequencies and system bandwidths, but also allow for optional frequencies which are covered by national regulations.

Solution 1：EPC C1G2

EPC C1G2 are the short names commonly used instead of "Electronic Product Code Class 1 Generation 2" standard.

Tag：Higgs™ 3 EPC Class 1 Gen 2 RFID Tag IC
Higgs-3 offers a flexible memory architecture that provides for the optimum allocation of EPC and User memory for different use cases such as legacy part numbering systems and service history. User memory can also be read and or write locked on 64-bit boundaries, supporting a variety of public/private usage models.

The general steps are as follows:
In the parking lot ETC project, a reader can connect up to 4 antennas. The reading times of multiple antennas on the same tag will be collected within 200ms, and the lane where the tag is located will be judged according to the reading times.

The entire verification process is:
1. Read the EPC
2. Read TID // 1,2 and then do step 3

3. Read the protected data on the user area through access password

The Hopeland reader has the ability to read EPC, TID, and user zone data with access password simultaneously with one instruction

Read Epc 12byte + tid 12byte + user 8byte (04~07 block , 4 word data with access password)

Time calculation method is Client (Demo software) -> Reader -> Tag
The sampling method is obtained by the total read times in 30 seconds, that is, the time of each read is obtained by 30 / total read times.

Solution 2：EPC C2G2

Hopeland reader supports the latest EPC C2G2 protocol

EPC Class 2 tags are enhanced Gen 2 Class 1 tags. They contain all of the Class 1 features plus an extended TAG ID (TID), extended user memory, authenticated access control and additional features that will be defined in the Class 2 specification.

Tag：NXP® UCODE® DNA Track EPC Class 2 Gen 2
This advanced RAIN RFID chip delivers precise, automated tracking while also offering secure product authentication based on AES encryption. The result is detailed inventory control with the ability to let businesses and consumers confirm originality.

C2G2 tag authentication process

Reader Setting

Insert and activate Encryption keys
– Keys are located in “virtual” user memory
– Keys can be inserted, verified and activated using standard BlockWrite
– After activation the keys can only be used for authentication
(they will be read/write protect)

Two 128-bit encryption keys
o Key0 for Tag Authentication,
o Key1 for Tag Authentication with additional custom data

Untraceable Hides (parts) of the tag’s TID, EPC and/or user memory

Large events, be they sports events like football matches, rock shows or trade exhibitions are always a challenge to manage. The challenges arise from the fact that the organizers are trying to control, not just ordinary crowds of people, but large fanatical crowds (like football fans). Restricting entry to only genuine ticket or pass holders is a major headache.

1. The customer gets confidence in the product as the genuineness can be checked by herself.The customer pays the right price for the right produce.
   
   
2. The store also creates confidence in its customers that the genuine stuff is being stocked and not some cheap imitations being passed off as real.
   

Large bulk transporters who have fleets of trucks to carry their materials have to operate gasoline filling stations, located in their yards, where truck drivers can refuel their trucks. Consider the problem faced by a large cement company, who operates a large fleet of trucks. The trucks have to be periodically refueled at gasoline stations.